During retinal surgeries, the presence of large retinal defects or breaks (giant retinal tears or retinotomies ≥ 3 clock hours) requires the use of Perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL) to stabilize the posterior retina. Thereafter, direct PFCL‑ oil exchange is preferred to avoid posterior slippage of the retina. However, in an eye filled with PFCL, fluid currents at the surface of the PFCL pose a few problems when laser is attempted. Multiple bubbles are formed due to fluid currents, and the fluid jet from the infusion port may continually dislodge the free end of the retina despite the presence of PFCL. This effect is accentuated when instruments are exchanged or if the active port is unoccluded. On the other hand, if laser is postponed until the eye is filled with oil, fluid accumulation may occur under the macula, as posterior tamponade is absent. We present a modified technique that entails the use of a “ sandwich” of anterior SO and posterior PFCL to comfortably perform laser in a well‑ formed closed vitreous chamber with continuous maintenance of retinal attachment.

Ionic Liquids (ILs) have received considerable attention as green solvents in organic synthesis and advanced materials. Recent interest was focused on energetic ILs with the aim to reduce the overall exposure to hazardous and potential toxic materials. Compared with traditional energetic compounds, such as TNT, HMX, and RDX, energetic ILs have several advantages, such as excellent stability, negligible vapor pressure, higher density and little or no vapor toxicity. In addition, their properties are readily tuned through independent modification of both cationic and anionic components. The approach significantly increases the numbers of compounds available.

Basic ionic Liquids as environmental-friendly solvents and catalysts with high activity and selectivity and easily recovered materials were used to replace traditional bases such as KOH, NaOH, K2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOAc, triethylamine, or tetrabutylammonium acetate. Using the traditional bases generally suffered from disadvantages such as waste production, corrosion and environmental problems. Basic ionic Liquids offering a new possibility for developing environmentally friendly basic catalysts due to the combination of the advantages of inorganic bases and ionic Liquids. They are flexible, nonvolatile, noncorrosive, and immiscible with many organic solvents. Basic ionic Liquids (BILs) have been used in base-catalyzed processes such as Michael addition, Markovnikov addition, Knoevenagel condensation, Henry reaction, Mannich reaction, oximation, Feist- Benary reaction and etc. In this short review, we wish to present an overview of the types, properties, synthesis and applications of basic ionic Liquids.